Dentofacial characteristics of children and adolescents with foetal alcohol spectrum disorders: a comparison with matched controls

Abstract

Background: Foetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) include somatic and neurological developmental distur bances after prenatal alcohol exposure, including facial anomalies. However, the knowledge of the orthodontic skeletal and dental cephalometric relations in this group is limited. The aim of the study was to assess the dentofacial characteristics of children and adolescents with FASD and to compare them with a matched control group.

Methods: The study group comprised all available children and adolescents diagnosed with FASD (>7 years of age) in whom good quality cephalograms were available. The control group comprised non-syndromic, orthodonti cally untreated children with normal occlusion and skeletal relations matched with age and gender. Cephalometric analysis included eighteen linear and angular measurements. The general linear model for repeated measures regard ing age, gender and the type of FASD was applied.

Results: The group with FASD included 35 individuals (21 girls and 14 boys) aged 7–18 years including 21 with foetal alcohol syndrome. The mean age in the study and the control group was 12.8 years (SD, range 3.2, 7.1–18.1) and 13.0 (SD, range 2.9, 9.1–18.1), respectively. Statistically signifcant diferences between the groups were found in 15 out of 18 of the cephalometric measurements (83%). In children with FASD the mandible was more retrusive, the inci sors were more proclined and the mandibular incisors and the lips were more protruded when compared with con trols. There was no signifcant evidence of an infuence of age, gender or FASD type.

Conclusions: Dentofacial characteristics of children and adolescents with FASD signifcantly difer from controls. Early orthodontic diagnosis and prophylaxis should play a part of the interdisciplinary care of patients in this group.