Browsing by Author "El Abed, Rashid"

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The C‑shaped root canal systems in mandibular second molars in an Emirati population
(2021) Khawaja, Summayah; Chaudhry, Jahanzeb; Hassan Khamis, Amar; El Abed, Rashid; Ghoneima, Ahmed; Jamal, Mohamed
Abstract: Our study aimed to describe the root and canal morphology of mandibular second molars in Emirati population and to study the prevalence and types of morphological change in C-shaped canal confguration along the root length in an efort to describe C-shaped molars as a unit. Cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans of Emirati patients were analyzed in multiple plans and root and canal confguration of mandibular second molars were evaluated. Moreover, specifc types of morphological change in C-shaped canal confguration along root length were studied and reconstructed using 3D reconstruction software. A total of 508 mandibular second molars were evaluated. Among the non-C-shaped mandibular second molars, two separate roots were the most prevalent root morphology (78.3%). The mesial root’s most common root canal confguration was Vertucci Type II (46.5%), and in the distal root, Vertucci Type I (90.5%). The prevalence of C-shaped mandibular second molars was 17.9% and was signifcantly prevalent (P< 0.001) in females. Specifc types of morphological change in C-shaped molars along the root length were observed and described for the frst time, in which the most common types of morphological change were C1-C2-C3d (18%), C1-C3c-C3d (15.4%), C4-C3c-C3d (7.7%), and C3c-C3c-C3d (7.7%). This study showed wide variations in the root and canal morphology in mandibular second molars in Emirati population with a relatively high prevalence of C-shaped canal confguration (17.9%). Moreover, specifc types of morphological change in C-shaped confguration were detected and described for the frst time in this population.
Comparison of apical extrusion of intracanal bacteria by various glide-path establishing systems: an in vitro study
(2017) El Abed, Rashid
Objectives: This study compared the amount of apically extruded bacteria during the glide-path preparation by using multi-file and single-file glide-path establishing nickel-titanium (NiTi) rotary systems. Materials and Methods: Sixty mandibular first molar teeth were used to prepare the test apparatus. They were decoronated, blocked into glass vials, sterilized in ethylene oxide gas, infected with a pure culture of Enterococcus faecalis, randomly assigned to 5 experimental groups, and then prepared using manual stainless-steel files (group KF) and glide-path establishing NiTi rotary files (group PF with PathFiles, group GF with G-Files, group PG with ProGlider, and group OG with One G). At the end of canal preparation, 0.01 mL NaCl solution was taken from the experimental vials. The suspension was plated on brain heart infusion agar and colonies of bacteria were counted, and the results were given as number of colony-forming units (CFU). Results: The manual instrumentation technique tested in group KF extruded the highest number of bacteria compared to the other 4 groups (p < 0.05). The 4 groups using rotary glide-path establishing instruments extruded similar amounts of bacteria. Conclusions: All glide-path establishment instrument systems tested caused a measurable apical extrusion of bacteria. The manual glide-path preparation showed the highest number of bacteria extruded compared to the other NiTi glide-path establishing instruments.
Effect from Autoclave Sterilization and Usage on the Fracture Resistance of Heat-Treated Nickel–Titanium Rotary Files
(2023) El Abed, Rashid; Alshehhi, Aisha; Alkhatib, Zuhair; Hassan Khamis, Amar; Jamal, Mohamed
Abstract: This study aimed to assess the effect of mechanical loading and heating on the cyclic fatigue and torsional fracture resistances of heat-treated nickel–titanium files after usage and autoclaving. Sixty files (One Curve) were tested for cyclic fatigue and torsional fracture resistances using customized devices. The files were divided into three groups according to the test conditions (n = 10); new (group-N), used for simulated canal shaping (group-U), and sterilized after use (group-S). For cyclic fatigue resistances, the files were freely rotated in a curved metal canal under body temperature; the time elapsed to fracture was recorded and the numbers of cycles to fracture (NCF) were calculated. For the torsional resistances, the file tip was fixed and rotated until the file fractured. The maximum torsional load and distortion angle were recorded. The toughness was calculated. Fracture fragments were examined with a scanning electron microscope. Data were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance and Tukey’s post hoc test at the significance level of 95%. Group-U showed significantly higher NCF than group-S (p < 0.05). However, there was no significant differences between groups-N and -S in the NCF (p > 0.05). Group-N showed a significantly bigger distortional angle and higher torsional toughness than groups-U and -S, but the ultimate torsional strength did not have significant difference between the groups. Under the limitation of this study, autoclave sterilization after single-usage did not improve the fracture resistance of heat-treated One Curve nickel–titanium files.
Effect from usage and autoclave sterilization on torsional fracture resistance of heat-treated nickel-titanium instruments: an in-vitro study
(2023) Alshehhi, Aisha; Alkhatib, Zuhair; Jamal, Mohamed; El Abed, Rashid
Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate the effect from usage and autoclaving on torsional fracture resistance of heat-treated nickel-titanium rotary instruments. ProTaper Gold F2 (PG) and TruNatomy Prime (TN) were selected. For group-N, new files were tested to make a baseline torsional resistance. For group-U, files underwent instrumentation in a J-shaped canal block, and files were tested. For group-S, files underwent instrumentation as in the group-U and followed by autoclave sterilization then were tested. Maximum torsional strength and distortion angel until fracture were measured using a customized device and toughness was calculated. Statistical analysis was conducted at the significance level of 95%. The topographic appearances of torsional fracture fragments were examined under scanning electron microscopy. PG showed significantly higher torsional strength after usage and sterilization; however, TN had reduced torsional strength (p < 0.05). PG showed significantly higher torsional strength in group-S than subgroup-N, while TN showed significantly lower torsional strength in group-U than group-N (p < 0.05). Regardless of the test conditions, PG showed significantly higher torsional strength and toughness than TN while TN had bigger distortion angle than PG (p < 0.05). The mechanical loads from usage and heat application during sterilization may result in alteration of torsional resistances according to geometry and alloy characteristics.
Effect of sonic irrigation activation at different frequencies in smear layer removal; An in vitro ‎experimental study
(2022) Aalmohamed, Eiman; Ahmed, Fatemeh; Alfardan, Layal; El Abed, Rashid; Hassan Khamis, Amar; Jamal, Mohamed
Introduction: The aim of this study was to compare the vibration/oscillation frequencies of WaterPik and ‎EndoActivator devices and their effectiveness in smear layer (SL) removal.‎ Materials and Methods: The root canal of 60 single‑rooted extracted human premolars were prepared until ProTaper Universal F2 ‎file, and randomly grouped according to the irrigation activation technique used: EndoActivator group; ‎WaterPik group; manual dynamic agitation (MDA) group; and control group (conventional irrigation with ‎no activation). The vibration/oscillation frequencies of EndoActivator and WaterPik devices were ‎measured using a digital tachometer. Electron microscopy images of all specimens were evaluated for ‎SL removal according to a modified Hülsmann scoring system. Data were statistically analyzed.‎ Results: The mean vibration frequency of the EndoActivator was significantly higher than that of WaterPik (200.6 ‎‎± 2.1 and 185.2 ± 2.744 Hz, respectively). A significant difference was detected in the SL removal along ‎the full length of the canal between the experimental and control groups (P ˂ 0.001). EndoActivator and ‎MDA groups had significantly more samples with no to minimum SL at the coronal and middle thirds ‎compared to the apical third, whereas there was no significant difference among the thirds in the ‎WaterPik group. At the apical third, the WaterPik group had significantly more samples with no to ‎minimum SL (60%) than WaterPik and MDA groups (20% and 26.7%, respectively).‎ Conclusion: WaterPik was as effective as MDA and EndoActivator in SL removal, with better performance at the ‎apical third, probably attributed to the lower vibration/oscillation frequency of WaterPik.‎
Effects of Pitch Length and Heat Treatment on the Mechanical Properties of the Glide Path Preparation Instruments
(2016-05-01) El Abed, Rashid
Introduction: This study aimed to compare the effects of pitch length and heat treatment on the mechanical properties of glide path establishing instruments. Methods: Prototypes of glide path preparation files (#14/.03 taper) were made to evaluate the effects of different pitch lengths and heat treatments. The files were divided into 4 groups according to the pitch length (pG and OneG) and heat treatment (pGH and OneGH). For the torsional resistance test, ultimate strength and fracture angle were measured, and the file tip was fixed at 3 different levels of 2,4,and 6mm from the tip (n=10 for each level). The toughness was calculated by multiplying the ultimate strength and the fracture angle. The cyclic fatigue resistance was compared by measuring the number of cycles to fracture in a curved metal canal (n= 10). The screw-in forces were measured during instrumentation motions with a sequential increase in the pecking distance of 1 mm until the file reached the end of the simulated resin canal (n= 10). Results: The heat-treated groups showed lower toughness and higher cyclic fatigue resistance than the non–heat-treated groups. The short pitch groups showed significantly higher torsional strengths than the long pitch groups. The heat-treated groups had significantly lower screw-in forces than the non–heat-treated groups. Conclusions: Under the limitations of this study, the torsional strength of the experimental file was reduced by heat treatment and increased by the short pitch length. Thus, a non–heat-treated file with a shorter pitch length would be favorable as a rotary glide path instrument.
Evaluation of Mental Foramen and Mandibular Canal Course and Location in an Emirati Subpopulation
(2024) Alazemia, Abdulaziz; Al Muhairi, Eman; Abdunabi, Farida; Chaudhry, Jahanzeb; Moharamzadeh, Keyvan; El Abed, Rashid; Jamal, Mohamed
Abstract Introduction and aims: Violations of the mandibular canal (MC) and mental foramen (MF)and subsequent injuries to their neurovascular bundle have been reported after surgical and nonsurgical dental procedures. Besides using advanced technologies such as cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), clinicians should be aware of the anatomy and location of MCand MFin different populations. This study aims to describe the morphologic characteristics of the MF, MC, and its intrabony location in relation to the apices of mandibular posterior teeth in an Emirati subpopulation using CBCT. Methods: A total of 3700 CBCT scans were screened, and 154 scans that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were randomly selected. The scans were assessed using 3-dimensional multiplanar imaging for the following structures: the location of MF and the MC course, its intrabony location, and its relationship to the apices of the mandibular posterior teeth. The data were analysed statistically using SPSS software. Results: The MC ran lingually and inferiorly at the posterior region and became more buccal and superior towards the MF. The distal root of the mandibular second molar was found to be the closest root to the MC (2.06 § 1.83 mm). Moreover, the most common location of the MFwasdistal to the contact area between the 2 premolars (0.83 § 1.84 mm) with a significant negative correlation to age (with and increase in age, the MF moves distally). The distance between the root apices and the MC was statistically significantly affected by age (positive correlation) and gender (male patients had a greater distance). Conclusions: The common course of the MC is lingual and inferior posteriorly and becomes more buccal and superior towards the MF, which is located mostly between the mandibular first and second premolars. Furthermore, the distal root of the mandibular second molar is the closest to the MC and has a positive relationship with age.
Evaluation of root and canal morphology of maxillary permanent first molars in an Emirati population; a cone-beam computed tomography study
(2020) Al Mheiri, Eman; Chaudhry, Jahanzeb; El Abed, Rashid; Hassan Khamis, Amar; Jamal, Mohamed
Background: The aim of this study was to analyze the root and canal morphology of the maxillary permanent first molars in an Emirati population using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). Methods: Two hundred and sixty-one CBCT scans were acquired. The data were extracted and anonymized to remove all patient identifiers. Two observers (an endodontic resident and an endodontist) evaluated all scans on diagnostic quality monitors. Results: The prevalence of a second mesiobuccal canal (MB2) was 80.1% in all examined samples. Type II Vertucci classification, was the most common canal configuration (59%) in the mesiobuccal root, followed by Types I (19.9%) and IV (15.3%), while Type III was the least common (5.7%). Types I, II, and IV were significantly more common in the 21–40-year age group (P < 0.001), while Type III was observed significantly more often in the < 20-year age group (P < 0.001). No significant effect of gender on the prevalence of Vertucci classification in the mesiobuccal root of maxillary first molars (P = 0.74) was found. Analysis of bilateral symmetry showed that 80% teeth had perfect bilateral symmetry, whereas 20% were asymmetrical. Type II canal configuration showed the highest prevalence of bilateral symmetry (48.7%), followed by Type I (15%) and Type IV (10%), while Type III showed the least prevalence of symmetry (3%). Conclusions: This was the first study to analyze the prevalence of MB2 canal in an Emirati population. Our results indicate high prevalence of MB2 (80.1%) and emphasize the importance of using advanced techniques to locate the MB2 canal.
Fracture Resistance of Heat-Treated Nickel-Titanium Rotary Files After Usage and Autoclave Sterilization: an in vitro study
(2022-08) El Abed, Rashid; Alshehhi, Aisha; Hassan Khamis, Amar; Jamal, Mohamed
Introduction: This study aimed to evaluate the dynamic cyclic fatigue resistance of heat treated nickel-titanium (NiTi) files after usage and autoclaving. Methods: Two heat-treated NiTi file systems with tip sizes of #25 (ie, ProTaper Gold F2 [Dentsply Sirona, Charlotte, NC] and TruNatomy Prime [Dentsply Sirona]) were selected. Files of each system were divided into 3 experimental subgroups (n 5 10). For subgroup 1, new files were tested to establish the baseline number of cycles to failure (NCF). For subgroup 2, files underwent canal instrumentation in a simulated J-shaped canal block with 35 of curvature and a 16.5-mm length. The simulated canals were pre-enlarged using stainless steel files #10K and #15K. After instrumentation, the files were tested. For subgroup 3, files underwent canal instrumentation as in subgroup 2 followed by autoclave sterilization and then were tested for cyclic failure. The cyclic fatigue test was performed in dynamic pecking motion under body temperature. The time to fracture was recorded and calculated into NCF. Fracture fragment lengths were measured using a digital microcaliper. Statistical analysis was conducted using the independent t test and multifactorial analysis of variance with 95% significance. Scanning electron microscopy was used to examine the topographic characteristics after cyclic fatigue tests. Results: There were no significant differences between file systems in subgroup 1 using new files (P , .05). Although PG reduced the NCF after use, TN showed a significantly increased NCF (P , .05). However, after sterilization, TN showed a reduced NCF compared with the used one (P , .05). Conclusions: Cyclic loading by usage and heat treatment during sterilization may result in different cyclic fatigue resistance according to the geometry and alloy characteristics. (J Endod 2022;48:1428–1433.)
Mechanical Properties of Glide Path Preparation Instruments with Different Pitch Lengths
(2018) Al Raeesi, Dana; El Abed, Rashid
Introduction: This study compared the effects of pitch length on the torsional resistance and cyclic fatigue resistance of glide path preparation instruments. Methods: G-File (G1 and G2; Micro-Mega, Besanc ̧on,France) and new generation G-File (NG1 and NG2,Micro-Mega) instruments were compared to evaluate the effects of the shorter pitch of the latter (25% shorter than G-File). G1 and NG1 have a #12 tip size, whereasG2 and NG2 have a #17 tip size. All the files have the same taper of 3%. For comparing the torsional resistances (n= 15), the file was fixed at 4 mm from the tip, and the clockwise rotation at a constant rotational speed of 2 rpm was adjusted until the file fractured. The maximum torsional load and distortion angle at fracture were recorded. For comparing the cyclic fatigue resistances (n= 15), the files were freely rotated in a simulated canal (radius, 3 mm; curvature, 90)at a speed of 300 rpm in a dynamic mode. When the file fractured, the time elapsed was recorded using a chronometer. The number of cycles to failure was calculated by multiplying the total time to failure by the rotation rate. Fractured fragments were examined under the scanning electron microscope. Results: The NG2 instruments had significantly higher fatigue resistance and torsional strength than the G2 instruments (P< .05) and showed approximately the same fatigue resistance as the G1. Scanning electron microscopic examinations revealed the typical appearances of 2 failure modes. Conclusions: A shorter pitch design increased cyclic fatigue resistance and torsional strength of the glide path instruments
Mechanical Properties of Orifice Preflaring Nickel-titanium Rotary Instrument Heat Treated Using T-Wire Technology
(2018) Ataya, Maamoun; El Abed, Rashid
Introduction: This study examined whether the use of T-Wire heat treatment enhanced the resistance to torsional force, cyclic fatigue, and bending stiffness of orifice preflaring nickel-titanium instruments. Methods: Ninety heat-treated OneFlare (OFT; Micro-Mega, Besanc¸ on, France) and conventional OneFlare (OFC, Micro-Mega) nickel-titanium files of size #25/.09 with identical geometries were selected (n = 15 per group for each test). Torsional resistance was evaluated through the measurement of ultimate torsional strength, distortion angle, and toughness during rotational loading. Cyclic fatigue resistance was evaluated through measurement of the number of cycles to failure for each instrument. Stiffness was evaluated by observation of the bending moment on attaining a 45˚ bend. Independent t tests were performed for statistical analysis. After torsional and cyclic fatigue tests, all fractured fragments were examined under a field emission scanning electron microscope to observe characteristics of the fractured surfaces. Results: OFT showed better cyclic fatigue resistance and lower bending stiffness than OFC (P < .05); however, OFT and OFC did not differ significantly in terms of torsional resistance. The fractured cross-sectional surfaces had characteristics typical of cyclic fatigue and torsional fractures. Conclusions: The OFT instruments made using T-Wire heat treatment had better cyclic fatigue resistance and lower bending stiffness with no decline in torsional strength.
Overview of transnational recommendations for COVID-19 transmission control in dental care settings
(2020) Jamal, Mohamed; Shah, Maanas; Khawaja, Summayah; El Abed, Rashid
Abstract: On 11 March 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) as a pandemic. Until an effective treatment or a vaccine is developed, the current recommendations are to contain the disease, and control its transmission. It is now clear that the primary mode of SARS-CoV-2 transmission is aerosol/droplet spread, and by contacting virus-contaminated surfaces acting as fomites (inanimate vectors). Furthermore, recent data indicate that the live virus particles are present in saliva, and, more alarmingly, asymptomatic individuals may transmit the infection. By virtue of the nature of the practice of dentistry where intrinsically, a high volume of aerosols is produced, as well as the close proximity of dentists and patients during treatment, dentists and allied health staff are considered the highest risk health professional group for acquiring SARS-CoV-2 during patient management. Therefore, several organizations and specialty associations have proposed guidelines and recommendations for limiting the transmission of SARS-COV-2 from carriers to dentists and vice versa. This paper aims to provide a review of these guidelines, and concludes with a brief look at how the practice of dentistry may be impacted by COVID-19, in the post-pandemic era.