Browsing by Author "Ahmed, Fatemeh"

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    Effect of sonic irrigation activation at different frequencies in smear layer removal; An in vitro ‎experimental study
    (2022) Aalmohamed, Eiman; Ahmed, Fatemeh; Alfardan, Layal; El Abed, Rashid; Hassan Khamis, Amar; Jamal, Mohamed
    Introduction: The aim of this study was to compare the vibration/oscillation frequencies of WaterPik and ‎EndoActivator devices and their effectiveness in smear layer (SL) removal.‎ Materials and Methods: The root canal of 60 single‑rooted extracted human premolars were prepared until ProTaper Universal F2 ‎file, and randomly grouped according to the irrigation activation technique used: EndoActivator group; ‎WaterPik group; manual dynamic agitation (MDA) group; and control group (conventional irrigation with ‎no activation). The vibration/oscillation frequencies of EndoActivator and WaterPik devices were ‎measured using a digital tachometer. Electron microscopy images of all specimens were evaluated for ‎SL removal according to a modified Hülsmann scoring system. Data were statistically analyzed.‎ Results: The mean vibration frequency of the EndoActivator was significantly higher than that of WaterPik (200.6 ‎‎± 2.1 and 185.2 ± 2.744 Hz, respectively). A significant difference was detected in the SL removal along ‎the full length of the canal between the experimental and control groups (P ˂ 0.001). EndoActivator and ‎MDA groups had significantly more samples with no to minimum SL at the coronal and middle thirds ‎compared to the apical third, whereas there was no significant difference among the thirds in the ‎WaterPik group. At the apical third, the WaterPik group had significantly more samples with no to ‎minimum SL (60%) than WaterPik and MDA groups (20% and 26.7%, respectively).‎ Conclusion: WaterPik was as effective as MDA and EndoActivator in SL removal, with better performance at the ‎apical third, probably attributed to the lower vibration/oscillation frequency of WaterPik.‎